Carex, the largest genus of Cyperaceae family in the world and Iran, includes four subgenera, of which the subgenus Carex with 68 species in Flora Iranica area and 44 species in Iran is the largest subgenus. Due to MORPHOLOGICAL similarities between species, this genus is composed of several complex groups. The reproductive structures (inflorescence and flower) in this genus, especially utricle and nut, are of special importance for the identification and delimitation of species. In this research, the utricle CHARACTERS among Carex species in Iran have been studied. In order to evaluate the MORPHOLOGICAL and microMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS, herbarium samples were used and the obtained data were analyzed using PAST software Ver. 3. 14. Utricle shape (general and transverse view ), winged or wingless margin, wall material, the presence of veins and its number, the presence of hair and beak (shape and length ) were more important than other CHARACTERS. Identification key was prepared based on MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS for subgenus Carex in Iran. The MORPHOLOGICAL traits of utricle were useful only at the species level but were not effective at the section level and also the microMORPHOLOGICAL traits were not effective at either the species level or the cluster level. Also, cluster analysis based on utricle MORPHOLOGICAL data did not confirm the conventional classifications of sections in the Flora Iranica and the Flora of Iran, but showed more agreement with phylogenetic results.

Eritrichieae tribe from Boraginaceae sect consists of 4 subtribes, 6 genera and 28 species in Iran.Thirty-three MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS in 28 species of Eritrichieae tribe and 6 species of its related species (4 species of Cynoglosseae tribe and 2 species of Myosotideae tribe) were studied. The main aim of this research was to investigate the phylogeny renovation of Eritrichieae tribe and its subtribes.The studies were performed on samples available from Tehran University Herbarium and Botanical Research Center of Mashhad University using the Maximum Parsimony method as implemented in PAUP* software. Trichodesma africanum from Cynoglosseae tribe was selected as the out-group. Results of analyses showed that Myosotideae is monophyletic but Cynoglosseae and Eritrichieae forming a clade together with their respective genera intermixed and none of them is monophyletic. Among of subtribes of Eritrichieae, Rocheliinae including only Rochelia (fruits with 2 nutlets), and Heterocaryinae including only Heterocaryum (with 4 nutlets, usually unequal, compressed, winged margin and appendages glochidiate) are monophyletic. So, situation of these subtribes are conserved. Within Eritrichiinae subtribe, the Lappula represented herein by 10 species was paraphyletic, and the Lepechiniella with 3 sampled species here was also not monophyletic. The Asperuginae subtribe (represented by Asperugo procumbens, solely), with calyx divided into linear-lanceolate lobes, accrescent and saucer-like in the fruiting stage, is here resurrected as the Asperugeae tribe.

Acer L. or Maple belongs to Aceraceae or Sapindaceae. A. sacharum is potentially valuable as a source of sugar and the other species in this family are used in wood industrial products. Despite its economic importance, it constitutes species that raise many taxonomic and evolutionary questions. The systematic of this assemblage are further complicated by the fact that generic and specific circumscription within the family is considered to be highly artificial by many taxonomists with species delimitation primarily due to lack of enough MORPHOLOGICAL traits. Presence of unidentified and hybrid species, numerous synonymous and influences of environmental changes on MORPHOLOGICAL traits, as well as usage of different diagnostic CHARACTERS for species identification, leaf polymorphism, have further complicated the confusion over species grouping in this genus. This work was initiated with the objective of morphology to: Identify taxa and establish their relationship and compare these results and data with other researches. Thus, we observed 63 MORPHOLOGICAL reproductive and vegetative CHARACTERS from stem, leaf, flower and fruit and cluster analysis (Bray-curtis distance and single linkage) was done. Results showed that A. platinum and A.cappaducicum had the most similarities. Ordination analysis (Principle coordinate analysis) showed that Acer species distinct from other species (Koelreutaria paniculata Laxm, Dodonea viscosa (L) Jacq. based on first coordinate. These findings are consistent with earlier phyllogenetic and rRNA in several studies. Also A.negundo distinctness from other species at the first of cluster showed it is the basic species and this regard has opined by other phyllogenetic studies.

This experiment was carried out to compare the potential for forage production is 12 clover cultivars in Karaj in three cropping seasons. The experimental design was RCBD with three replications. The results showed  that the effects of years, cultivars, cuttings and the interaction of cutting * cultivars were significant for dry matter at 1% probability level. The comparison among different cuttings showed that the highest dry matter were obtained from the first cutting in 1999 and 2001  (2.14 and 2.85 t/ha) respectively, and from the second cutting in 2000 (2.68 t/ha ). Generally the first cutting had higher dry matter than other cuttings. Mean comparison for dry matter production, over season, of persian clover cultivars showed that the cultivar Aleshtar with  8.48 t/ha in  1999 and the cultivar Doochin-e-kordestan with 9.31 t/ha in 2001, and the cultivar Aleshtar with 8.53 t/ha had the highest dry matter among all cultivers. Significant difference was also observed in MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS among clover cultivars at 1% probability level. Overall, results showed that the Berseem clover for the plant height, the persian clover for the internode length and sub-branches number, and the Red clover for the leaf/stem ratio were superior. Regarding potential for forage production, Aleshtar, Simipilyosum and Tolidy-e-karaj cultivars could be recomended for Karaj region.

Salinity is an increasing problem in the world. Study of salt tolerance in medicinal plants is very important due to cultivation in saline lands. An experiment was carried out using a completely in randomized design in order to study the effect of salinity on Nigella saliva (Mashhad accession) in hydroponic condition with four replications in germination stage and with three replications in seedling stage. Salinity levels included 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 molm-3 sodium choride. The results showed significant differences for germination, vigority, root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, shoot/root weight ratio, and biomass according to the increased salinity in N.saliva accession. N.saliva showed a higher tolerance to increased salinity level in seedling stage compared to germination stage.

Study of the salinity tolerance in medicinal plants is very important for cultivating them in saline lands. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out in order to study the effect of salt stress on 'Foeniculum vulgare' plants in hydroponic condition. The accessions of F. vulgare were originated from Isfahan, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Europe, Tehran, Yazd, Estahban and Shiraz. Salinity levels include 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride with four replications in the germination stage and three replications in the seedling stage. The results showed a significant reduction in germination rate, germination percentage, roots length, shoots length, plants vigor, root dry weight, shoot dry weight; shoot weight/root weight and biomass with increase of salt stress. There was a significant difference between accessions at presence of salt. Shiraz accession showed the lowest reduction in germination stage compared with the control. In the seedling stage, Yazd accession showed the lowest reduction compared with the control.

Iran is the third distribution center of the genus Eremurus with seven species, three subspecies and one hybrid. In order to study inter and intra specific genetic variation, 87 genotypes representing six species including E. inderiensis, E. olgae, E. persicus, E. stenophyllus, E. luteus and E. spectabilis collected from nine provinces were evaluated in terms of quantitative and qualitative MORPHOLOGICAL traits. Factors analysis showed that five components accounted 96% of total variances. Inflorescence, shoot and plant height, flower color, leaf number and fruit shape were constituted as main factors. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into six clusters at species level. The populations within each group were geographically different, indicating that there was no relationship between cluster pattern based on MORPHOLOGICAL traits and geographic distribution of the specimens. Calculating correlation coefficients using MORPHOLOGICAL data showed that there were positive correlations among most of the quantitative traits. Generally, the results showed that Eremurus genotypes have a high genetic diversity in regard to the studied traits. Based on MORPHOLOGICAL results, E. olgae and E. stenophyllus have breeding potential for cut flower, while E. inderiensis, E. persicus and E. luteus are suitable species for rock gardens and landscape design applications.

Study of MORPHOLOGICAL and agronomic CHARACTERS affecting forage yield of four local (Hamadani, Bami, Yazdi and Ghara Yonjeh) and three improved (Euwer, Pearce and Pioneer 581) alfalfa cultivars, was carried out in field at spn Experimental Station in Karaj in 1996-97 growing seasan. The design of the experiment was split plot in time which replicated 4 times. In general, at lower productivity potential, local cultivars showed priority to non local cvs. However, as procblctivity potential improved, improved cultivars showed better adptation and produced higher forage yield. The results of the experiment revealed that cultivars were statistically different in fresh yield, dry matter yield, yield per shoot, different plant organ dry matter, regrowth rate, first flowering node, plant hieght, number of nodes in main stem, length of internodes in the main stem, number of stems per area, length and width of leaflet, main and lateral branches of main stem. Forage yield was higher in first harvest and percentage of dry matter produced in first, seconde and third harvests were 36.30, 33.68 and 27.45 respectively. Among the cultivars, Pioneer 581 and Hamadani showed superiority, concerning many MORPHOLOGICAL and agronomic characteristics, which resulted in production of higher yields and could be recommended as suitable cultivars for karaj area.

In order to study the effect of foliar applications of micronutrients on yield, extraction oil production and chemical composition of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), two experiments were conducted in the randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahrekord, Iran during two growing seasons 2014 and 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of foliar Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+applications (0, 200 and 400 ppm) on flavonoid, phenols, carotenoids, extraction percentage, dry weight of the flower and the number of flowers of pot marigold. Results showed that foliar applications of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ had significant effects on fresh and dry flower yield, number of flowers, extraction oil percentage and flavonoids, phenols, carotenoids of pot marigold plants, so that the highest dry weight of flowers (11.9 g per plant), number of flowers per plant (33.5), extraction oil percentage (1) and flavonoids (31.2 mg/ 100 g F.W.), phenols (56.2 mg/ 100 g F.W.) and carotenoids (0.8 mg/ 100 g F.W.) content were obtained from the application of a combination of Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ at 400 ppm concentration as compared to control in the second year. It seems that in climatic and edaphic conditions of Shahrekord, the best treatments for obtaining the highest extraction percentage and MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS of Calendula is 400 ppm of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn.